Biology

Course Description

Open to: Grades 10, 11, 12 One Year Course
Prerequisite: None
Content: Students will study living processes in the five main thematic areas of cells, genetics, evolution, classification, and ecology. Emphasis on laboratory investigation encourages the student to make observations in the field and classroom.

Adopted Materials

Title: Biology: Biology
Authors: Johnson and Raven
Publisher: Holt, Rhinehart, Winston

Grades

The grade that a student receives in this course will be a reflection of how the student has performed in three main areas; the assimilation of content, the acquisition of performance skills, and the knowledge gained from homework. The course grade will be calculated from scores obtained on unit tests, projects and performance activities (labs, model building, reports, etc.), homework, and a semester final. Progress reports should provide the student and parents with information (average grades or percentages) in three main areas: unit tests, projects, activities, and homework completed.

The Final is also the End of Course Exam (EOC), which will count as 10% of the student’s final grade and determine whether or not the student has met the State Standards in Science for this particular course. The science curriculum supervisor discourages the use of notes, note cards, or books when taking a unit test. Students will not be allowed to use these items on the Final Exam.

Copyright Resources

Course Scope and Sequence for Semester I

Course Scope and Sequence for Semester II

Assessment Correlation acronyms key

• For specific Standard References please see: Idaho State Assessment Standards
• Download this curriculum and standards documentation as a "Printer Friendly" pdf file
• Curriculum updated: 8/04/08

Unit 0

Unifying Concepts and Scientific Inquiry

Ongoing

1221.01 Know and understand the following unifying concepts and processes that are present in all sciences.
● Systems, Order, and Organization
● Evidence, Models, and Explanations
● Constancy, Change, and Measurement
● Evolution and Equilibrium
● Form and Function

Standard Reference
9-10.B.1

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

A system is an organized group of related objects or components that form a whole. Systems have boundaries, components, resource flow (input and output), and feedback. Cells, organisms, populations, and ecosystems are examples of systems.

Holt: Biology

TMA

02

The behavior of the universe is predictable, in other words, it has order and different types or levels of organization.

Holt: Biology

TMA

03

Evidence consists of observations and data on which to base scientific explanations.

Holt: Biology

TMA

04

Models are tentative schemes or structures that correspond to real objects, events, or classes of events, and that have explanatory power.

Holt: Biology

TMA

05

Scientific explanations incorporate existing scientific knowledge and new evidence from observations, experiments, or models into consistent, logical statements. Different terms, such as hypothesis, model, law, principle, theory, and paradigm are used to describe various types of scientific explanations.

Holt: Biology

TMA

06

Although most things are in the process of becoming different--changing--some properties of objects and processes are characterized by constancy, including the speed of light, the charge of an electron, and the total mass plus energy in the universe.

Holt: Biology

TMA

07

Evidence for the formulation of scientific explanations is often clarified through quantitative distinctions--measurement. Mathematics is essential for accurately measuring change.

Holt: Biology

TMA

08

Evolution is a series of changes, some gradual and some sporadic, that accounts for the present form and function of objects, organisms, and natural systems.

Holt: Biology

TMA

09

Equilibrium is a physical state in which forces and changes occur in opposite and off-setting directions.

Holt: Biology

TMA

10

Form and function are complementary aspects of objects, organisms, and systems in the natural and designed world. The form or shape of an object or system is frequently related to use, operation, or function. Function frequently relies on form.

Holt: Biology

TMA

1221.02 Understand scientific inquiry and develop critical thinking skills.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.1

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Develop the ability to design experiments by:
● Designing appropriate and testable experiments
● Understanding the importance of controls in experiments
● Identifying variables and recognizing the importance of changing only one variable at a time when conducting experiments
● Predicting the outcome of an experiment and comparing the prediction to an actual outcome
● Critiquing experimental designs

Holt: Biology

EOC

02

Develop the ability to acquire data through experimentation and observation by:
● Differentiating between observations, hypotheses and theories.
● Becoming familiar with, and practiced in selecting, the appropriate scientific apparatus, instrumentation, or available technology
● Being able to work collaboratively in groups
● Observing essential safety precautions associated with all laboratory procedures

Holt: Biology

TMA

03

Develop the ability to record and manipulate data by:
● Using SI units in all cases of measurement and observation
● Designing and using data tables for the orderly recording of observations and measurements
● Creating graphs of recorded data that include labels and numerical values or scales for all axes
● Carrying out computations and/or numerical calculations for analysis of data

Holt: Biology

TMA

04

Develop the ability to communicate and share results by:
● Writing lab reports,
● Analyze alternative explanations and models
● Reading appropriate scientific articles and reports
● Presenting oral reports in both an individual and collaborative fashion
● Using discipline-appropriate language or vocabulary to communicate scientific ideas clearly
● Using mathematical models in the exploration of patterns and relationships

Holt: Biology

TMA

1221.03 Understand the significance of major scientific milestones and the relationship between science and technology.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.5

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Identify scientists that have made significant contributions to advance our knowledge in the field of Biology.

Holt: Biology

EOC

02

Know that science and technology are interrelated to each other, society, and to the workplace.

Holt: Biology

TMA

03

Identify and apply the elements of technological design, which include the following:
● Identify a problem
● Propose a solution
● Evaluate the solution and its consequences
● Communicate the problem, process, and solution.

Holt: Biology

TMA

1221.04 Understand common environmental quality issues, both natural and human induced and the importance of managing and conserving natural resources.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.5

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Explore the environmental issues that impact the geo and biosphere including but not limited to: water quality, air quality, soil depletion, forest health, and hazardous waste,.

Holt: Biology

TMA

02

Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy resources for Earth’s populations.

Holt: Biology

TMA

Back to Top

Unit 1

Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems

4 weeks

1221.05 Understand that there are a small number of major characteristics that are common to all living systems.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.2

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Most living organisms:
● are composed of cells
● contain genetic information
● use genetic information to reproduce themselves
● are genetically related and have evolved
● regulate their internal environment
● extract energy from the environment and use it to do work
● convert molecules obtained from the environment into new biological molecules for growth, development, and repair
● interact with and are dependent on other living organisms

Ch. 1

TMA
EOC

02

Know the relationship among cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, and ecosystem.

Ch. 1

TMA
EOC

1221.06 Understand that living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of infinite size, but environments and resources are finite.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Identify basic needs for survival for all living organisms

Ch. 15

EOC
TMA

02

Explore the relationship between available resources and population demand within a biome, ecosystem or community.

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

04

Describe factors that affect population growth. (immigration, emigration, birth rate, death rate)

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

1221.07 Understand that the distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by the availability of matter and energy.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Identify and discuss how different organisms obtain energy (producers, consumers, decomposers).

Ch. 5,
Ch. 16-17

EOC
TMA

02

Explain effects of competition on diversity and population size.

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

03

Explain balance in predator/prey relationships

Ch. 15-17

EOC
TMA

1221.08 Trace energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, from photosynthetic organisms to herbivores to carnivores and decomposers

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Explain the food chain and identify the trophic levels

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

02

Illustrate energy flow within the food chain

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

03

Construct a food web

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

04

Explain the importance of diversity in an ecosystem.

Ch. 15-18

EOC
TMA

05

Illustrate the principle of biomass and bioaccumulation as energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers within an ecosystem

Ch. 16-17

EOC
TMA

1221.09 Understand that ecosystems are not always stable and are characterized by natural and human disturbances.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.1, 9-10.B.3, 9-10.B.5

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Describe ecological succession.

Ch. 15,
Ch. 18

EOC
TMA

02

Give examples of both small scale and large scale disturbances.

Ch. 15,
Ch. 18

EOC
TMA

03

Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Ch. 17

EOC
TMA

1221.10 Understand how the environment influences the distribution of life on earth.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Explain how the energy from the sun drives the climate patterns and ocean currents on earth.

Ch. 17

TMA
EOC

02

Describe how topography changes the climate.

Ch. 17

TMA
EOC

03

Identify the major terrestrial biomes based on:
● predominant plants
● characteristic animals
● climate (temperature and precipitation) and
● soil conditions
(Tropical forests, savanna, deserts, grasslands, temperate forests, coniferous forests and tundra)

Ch. 17

TMA
EOC

04

Compare and contrast the two major aquatic biomes based on:
● salinity/mineral content
● light availability and
● temperature

Ch. 17

TMA
EOC

05

Describe the littoral, limnetic, and profundal zones of ponds and lakes.

Ch. 17

TMA
EOC

1221.11 Understand the effect of technological development and human population growth on the living and nonliving environment.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3, 9-10.B.5

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Discuss the impact of growing human populations at local, national and international levels as they influence land use.

Ch. 15,
Ch. 18

EOC
TMA

02

Identify and discuss local issues that play a role in ecological stability.

Ch. 18

EOC
TMA

03

Describe technologies associated with environmental cleanup

Ch. 11,
Ch. 18

EOC
TMA

Back to Top

Unit 2

Cell Chemistry, Structure, and Function

3 weeks

1221.12 Understand the basic concepts of chemistry that govern the structure and function of organisms.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Differentiate between atoms, elements, and compounds.

Ch. 2

TMA

02

Distinguish between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.

Ch. 2

TMA

03

Identify the properties of water that support life. Understand the design of the water molecule in regards to polarity

Ch. 2

TMA

04

Describe how water cycles through the biosphere

Ch. 2

TMA

05

Know the structure and function of the organic molecules that comprise most living things: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Understand how hydrogen bonds give proteins their shape and how shape influences the function of proteins in living things.

Ch. 2

TMA
EOC

06

Describe the importance of chemical reactions in organisms and the role enzymes play within those reactions. Distinguish between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis in metabolism.

Ch. 2

TMA
EOC

07

Briefly describe how organisms obtain the matter and energy to build organic compounds, e.g. heterotrophs, autotrophs, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis and the manner in which they release stored chemical energy, cellular respiration.

Ch. 5, Teacher Notes

TMA

08

List the three parts of the cell theory.

Ch. 3

TMA
EOC

09

Describe the structure and function of cellular organelles.

Ch. 3

TMA
EOC

10

Compare and contrast the organelles found in animal and plant cells.

Ch. 3

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 3

History of Life on Earth: The First Simple Cells

2 weeks

1221.13 Know that living organisms are composed of units called cells which appear in the fossil record billions of years ago.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Review the history of life on earth and the model for the origin of the first simple cell, prokaryotes.

Ch 12.1, 12.2

TMA

02

Describe the structure and function of the first simple cells called prokaryotes.

Teachers Notes

TMA
EOC

03

Review the domain/kingdom system of classification for life on Earth.

Ch 19.1

TMA
EOC

04

Describe the principal types of bacteria in the Domains Achaea and Bacteria, how they obtain energy, reproduce (binary fission, conjugation), and interact with other organisms, especially humans.

Ch 20-2

TMA
EOC

05

Describe the role of bacteria in the recycling of nitrogen.

Ch 20-2

TMA
EOC

06

Demonstrate the proper use of the compound microscope.

Ch 20-2

TMA
EOC

07

Describe the structure and function of viruses, how they reproduce, and interact with other organisms, especially humans

Ch 20-1

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 4

History of Life on Earth: Complex Cells

3 weeks

1221.14 Know that complex cells have internal structures, organelles that underlie their functions.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Review the history of life on earth and the model for the origin of the first complex cells.

Ch 12.1, 12.2

TMA

02

Describe the structure and function of the first complex cells called protists.

Teachers Notes

TMA
EOC

03

Review the domain/kingdom system of classification for life on Earth.

Ch. 19.1

TMA
EOC

04

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Ch 3

TMA
EOC

05

Describe the principal types of protists in the Kingdom Protista, how they obtain energy, reproduce (mitosis), and interact with other organisms, especially humans.

Ch. 21

TMA
EOC

06

Outline the phases of the cell cycle.

Ch. 6

TMA
EOC

07

Describe the steps of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle and state the overall purpose of cell division.

Ch. 6

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 5

Cells and Their Environment

3 weeks

1221.15 Know that cells use membranes to separate and control the flow of materials between the internal and external environment.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis as forms of passive transport.

Ch. 4

TMA
EOC

02

Predict the direction of water movement into and out of the cell based on solute concentration.

Ch. 4

TMA
EOC

03

Contrast active and passive transport. Relate bulk flow to pressure flow and transpiration-cohesion theories in plants and open vs. closed circulatory systems in animals.

Ch. 4

TMA
EOC

04

Describe the structure of the membrane as it relates to the transport of nutrients into and wastes out of the cell. (e.g. ion channels, carrier proteins, vesicles)

Ch. 4

TMA
EOC

05

Illustrate the principal of homeostasis by identifying examples within biological systems

Ch. 4

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 6

Energy for Cells

2 weeks

1221.16 Understand that cell functions require energy which organisms obtain from chemical reactions.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Trace energy as it progresses through a biological system

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

02

Describe the role of ATP in metabolism

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

1221.17 Understand the process of photosynthesis and its purpose.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Review chloroplast function

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

02

Know energy from the sun is captured by pigments in chloroplasts

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

03

Describe the three basic stages of photosynthesis in terms of the products that they produce

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

04

Diagram and balance the equation for photosynthesis.

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

1221.18 Understand the process of cellular respiration and its purpose.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Review mitochondria function

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

02

Describe the two basic stages of respiration in terms of the products that they produce

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

03

Diagram and balance the respiration equation

Ch. 5

TMA
EOC

04

Illustrate and discuss the Carbon Cycle.

Ch. 17

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 7

Variation and Heredity

3 weeks

1221.19 Understand the process of meiosis and its purpose.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Contrast asexual and sexual types of reproduction.

Ch. 7

TMA
EOC

02

Know the effect that meiosis has on chromosome number.

Ch. 7

TMA
EOC

03

Describe the events that occur in each phase of meiosis.

Ch. 7

TMA
EOC

04

Describe the three mechanisms that increase genetic variation.

Ch. 7

TMA
EOC

1221.20 Understand simple and complex patterns of inheritance.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Discuss the historical experiments conducted by Gregor Mendel.

Ch. 8

TMA
EOC

02

Know the four hypotheses that Mendel constructed in order to develop the theory of heredity.

Ch. 8

TMA
EOC

03

Know the two laws of heredity that govern sexual reproduction.

Ch. 8

TMA
EOC

04

Use a punnett square to make predictions about monohybrid and dihybrid inherited traits.

Ch. 8

TMA
EOC

05

Distinguish between complex forms of inheritance such as sex-linked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance.

Ch. 8

TMA
EOC

06

Interpret a pedigree chart.

Ch. 8

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 8

Molecular Genetics

3 weeks

1221.21 Understand the structure and function of nucleic acids.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Know that the instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA

Ch. 9

TMA
EOC

02

Explain how we know that instructions for life are carried in DNA.

Ch. 9

TMA
EOC

03

Construct a model of DNA

Ch. 9

TMA
EOC

04

Describe how DNA replicates.

Ch. 9

TMA
EOC

1221.22 Understand that cell functions are regulated by expressed genes that provide code for the synthesis of proteins.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Illustrate the process of transcription using a model.

Ch. 10

TMA
EOC

02

Illustrate the process of translation using a model.

Ch. 10

TMA
EOC

1221.23 Understand how cells regulate gene expression and what happens when genes mutate.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Describe how prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes are turned on and off.

Ch. 10

TMA
EOC

02

Identify the types of mutations and how they occur.

Ch. 10

TMA
EOC

03

Determine if DNA mutations will change function of the protein

Ch. 10

TMA
EOC

04

Discuss human genetic disorders

Ch. 10

TMA
EOC

1221.24 Understand the basic steps and purpose of genetic engineering.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Outline the procedure for engineering new genomes.

Ch. 11

TMA
EOC

02

Describe the role of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering.

Ch. 11

TMA
EOC

03

List some of the technological applications that result from genetic engineering.

Ch. 11

TMA
EOC

Back to Top

Unit 9

Theory of Evolution

3 weeks

1221.25 Understand evolution as a series of changes, some gradual and some sporadic, that account for present form and function of objects, organisms, and systems.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Trace the historical development of the theory of evolution.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

02

Outline the steps of natural selection that Darwin proposed as the mechanism for evolution.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

03

Discuss punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

04

List the different types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

05

Give the biological definition of species.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

06

Describe the various types of isolating mechanisms that can lead to speciation.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

07

Explain under what circumstances species will and will not change using the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. Use mathematical calculations to show if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Ch. 13

TMA
EOC

1221.26 Understand that the classification of organisms is based on shared characteristics, which reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.1

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Review the system of classification used to organize and group organisms with similar characteristics.

Ch. 14

EOC
TMA

02

Distinguish between cladistic and classical taxonomists.

Ch. 14

EOC
TMA

Back to Top

Unit 10

Classification and Diversity of Plant Systems

3 weeks

1221.27 Understand that plant classifications are based on similar characteristics, which reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.1

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Introduce the phylogenic tree for kingdom Plantae.

Ch. 23

EOC
TMA

02

Outline the evolutionary advances that converted marine algae into forms that could live on land.

Ch. 23

EOC
TMA

03

Describe the major advances in plant body structure and function that made land plants increasingly large and complex. (i.e., Tissues, Organs, and Growth patterns.) Name the source, target tissue, and overall roles played by each of the four main classes of plant hormones: auxin, ethylene, cytokinin and gibberillin.

Ch. 24-26

EOC
TMA

04

Introduce the phylogenic tree for kingdom fungi.

Ch 22

EOC
TMA

05

Describe the natural history, patterns of reproduction, body plans, and symbiotic relationships of fungi

Ch 22

EOC
TMA

Back to Top

Unit 11

Classification and Diversity of Animal Systems

5 weeks

1221.28 Understand that animal classifications are based on similar characteristics, which reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.1

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Introduce the phylogenic tree for kingdom Animalia.

Ch. 27-31

EOC
TMA

02

Trace the development of symmetry, body cavity, cephalization, and segmentation in invertebrates.

Ch. 27-31

EOC
TMA

03

Outline the evolutionary advances that converted marine animals into forms that could live on land.

04

Describe the major advances in body structure and function that made invertebrates and vertebrates increasingly large and complex. (i.e., Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, and Nervous systems.)

Ch. 27-31

EOC
TMA

1221.29 Understand that organism’s behavioral responses to internal and external stimuli have evolved to ensure reproductive success.

Standard Reference
9-10.B.3

No.

Performance Objective

Resource Reference

Assessment Correlation

01

Describe behavior as the ability to react or function in a particular way to some stimulus

Ch. 36

EOC
TMA

02

Explain the difference between innate and learned behavior and give examples.

Ch. 36

EOC
TMA

03

Describe of innate and learned behavior

Ch. 36

EOC
TMA

04

Define behavioral adaptation

Ch. 13
Ch. 36

EOC
TMA

05

Identify different mating patterns and how they may cause speciation

Ch. 13,
Ch. 36

EOC
TMA