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Physics |
District Course #1253 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Course DescriptionOpen to: Grades 10, 11, 12 One Year Course Adopted MaterialsTitle: Conceptual Physics GradesThe grade that a student receives in this course will be a reflection of how the student has performed in three main areas; the assimilation of content, the acquisition of performance skills, and the knowledge gained from homework. The course grade will be calculated from scores obtained on unit tests, projects and activities (labs, model building, reports, etc.), homework, and a semester final. Progress reports should provide the student and parents with information (average grades or percentages) in three main areas: unit tests, projects/activities, and homework completed. The Final is also the End of Course Exam (EOC), which will count as 10% of the student's final grade and determine whether or not the student has met the State Standards in Science for this particular course. The science curriculum supervisor discourages the use of notes, note cards, or books when taking a unit test. Students will not be allowed to use these items on the Final Exam. Copyright ResourcesCourse Scope and Sequence for Semester I
Course Scope and Sequence for Semester II
Download this curriculum as a pdf file Assessment Correlation acronyms key |
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Measurement and Uncertainty |
Semester 1, 1 week |
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Instructional Objective 1253.01 Understand the methodology of using the computer in physics experiments. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Access and utilize the features of the computer software used in the physics laboratory. |
Demo/lab |
TMA |
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02 |
Hookup and use various computer sensors. |
Demo/lab |
TMA |
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Instructional Objective 1253.02 Understand different methods of measurement and the errors inherent to each. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Develop techniques for making direct and indirect measurements. |
Lab |
TMA |
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02 |
Identify, distinguish, and compensate for systematic, personal, and random errors in measurement. |
Lab |
EOC |
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Linear Motion |
Semester 1, 3 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.03 Understand the terminology of motion. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Describe the differences and similarities among the following terms: distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. |
Ch. 2, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.04 Understand the general relationships among position, velocity, and acceleration for the motion of a body along a straight line. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Construct and analyze motion graphs. |
Ch. 2, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities. |
Appendix D, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.05 Understand the basic mathematical relationships involving distance, time, velocity, and uniform acceleration. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Solve problems using kinematic equations. |
Ch. 2, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Check solutions to problems by using the factor-label method (unit analysis). This will be an ongoing objective for the entire year. |
NA |
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Instructional Objective 1253.06 Understand the motion of a falling object in the absence of friction. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Describe and analyze the motion of an object falling freely from rest without friction. |
Ch. 2, text |
EOC |
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Two-dimensional Motion |
Semester 1, 1 week |
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Instructional Objective 1253.07 Understand the special case of two-dimensional motion. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Calculate the component of a motion vector along a specified axis, or resolve a motion vector into components along two specified mutually perpendicular axes. |
Ch. 2, Schaum's |
EOC |
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02 |
Add velocity vectors in order to find the net displacement of a particle that undergoes successive straight-line displacements. |
Ch. 2, Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Write expressions for the horizontal and vertical components of velocity and position as functions of time for the motion of projectiles (horizontally fired only) and sketch or identify graphs of these components. |
Ch. 2, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Newton's Laws |
Semester 1, 5 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.08 Understand and apply Newton's first law of motion. |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Analyze situations in which a particle remains at rest, or moves with constant velocity, under the influence of several forces. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.09 Understand and apply Newton's second law of motion. |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Use labeled force (free body) diagrams to show all forces acting on an object. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Distinguish between mass and weight and their respective units. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Utilize Newton's second law to solve the following problems: bodies moving along horizontal or inclined planes; elevators; pulleys (Atwood machines); and suspended bodies connected to bodies resting on a table. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Relate the direction of a net force on an object to the direction of the acceleration of the object. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.10 Understand the consequences of Newton's third law of motion as it applies to the interaction of forces between objects. |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Using Newton's third law, explain why two objects and two forces are always involved whenever a force acts. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Given an action force, identify its reaction force. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Apply Newton's third law of motion in analyzing the force of contact between two bodies and their resulting motion. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.11 Understand the nature of friction. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Write the relationship between the normal and frictional forces on a surface. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Analyze situations in which a body slides down a rough inclined plane or is pulled or pushed across a rough surface. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Analyze static situations involving friction to determine under what circumstances a body will start to slip, or to calculate the magnitude of the force of static friction. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Describe the acceleration and velocity of a falling body, both in the presence of air friction and in the absence of air friction. |
Ch. 4, text |
EOC |
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Momentum and Impulse |
Semester 1, 2 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.12 Understand impulse and linear momentum. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Relate mass, velocity, and linear momentum for a moving body, and calculate the total linear momentum of a system of bodies. |
Ch. 5, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Relate impulse to the change in linear momentum and the average force acting on a body. |
Ch. 5, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Determine impulse and/or change in momentum from a force-time graph. |
Lab |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.13 Understand that momentum is conserved. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Identify situations in which linear momentum is conserved. |
Ch. 5, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Apply linear momentum conservation to determine the final velocity when two bodies that are moving along the same line collide and stick together. |
Ch. 8, Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Utilize the definitions of inelastic and elastic collisions of particles in one dimension to determine unknown masses or velocities. (For elastic collisions, three of four values are to be given.) |
Ch. 8, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Work and Energy |
Semester 1, 2 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.14 Understand the concept of work. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Calculate the work done by a specified constant force on a body that undergoes a specified displacement. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Resolve a force into its components to calculate the work performed. |
Appendix D, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Determine the work done from a force-displacement graph. |
Lab |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.15 Understand the various forms of mechanical energy and how work and energy are related. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Distinguish among kinetic, gravitational potential, and elastic potential energies and identify when each is increasing or decreasing. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Apply the work-energy theorem to kinetic, gravitational potential, and elastic potential energies. |
Ch. 6, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.16 Understand the law of conservation of mechanical energy. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Identify situations in which mechanical energy is or is not conserved. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy to springs, pendulums, and falling bodies. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Sketch or identify a graph of kinetic energy or potential energy as a function of time and identify points on the graph where the energy is all kinetic or all potential. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Relate Hooke's law to the law of conservation of mechanical energy. |
Ch. 11, Schaum's |
EOC |
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05 |
Relate the law of conservation of mechanical energy to elastic and inelastic collisions. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.17 Understand the concept of power. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Relate power to the work done in a specified amount of time. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Relate power to the speed of a body moving in a vertical direction, such as an elevator. |
Ch. 6, text |
EOC |
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Circular Motion and Gravity |
Semester 1, 3 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.18 Understand the concept of torque. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Calculate the magnitude and direction of a torque associated with a force, given its location from a pivot point. |
Ch. 7, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Apply the first (translational) and second (rotational) conditions of equilibrium to solve problems involving teeter-totters and tethered planks. |
Appendix D, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.19 Understand the nature of gravity. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Apply Newton's law of universal gravitation. |
Ch. 8, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Determine the gravitational field strength at a specified point above a planetary body, given the mass and radius of the planetary body. |
Ch. 3, Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Describe the gravitational field both outside and inside the Earth. |
Ch. 8, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Calculate the critical (orbital) and escape velocities for a satellite a given distance above the surface of a planetary body. |
Ch. 9, text |
EOC |
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05 |
Apply Kepler's three laws to the motion of planets and satellites. |
Ch. 8, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.20 Understand the uniform circular motion of a body. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Apply centripetal acceleration and centripetal force to the motion of a body in a circular path. |
Ch. 7, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Calculate the tangential velocity for a body moving in a circular path. |
Ch. 7, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Draw the velocity, acceleration, and force vectors for a body undergoing uniform circular motion. |
Ch. 7, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Identify what supplies the centripetal force in specified situations. |
Ch. 7, text |
EOC |
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05 |
Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal forces. |
Ch. 7, text |
EOC |
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Waves and Sound |
Semester 2, 3 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.21 Understand the nature of vibrations. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Relate simple harmonic motion to force and displacement. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Sketch or identify a graph of displacement, velocity, force, or acceleration as a function of time for simple harmonic motion. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Describe and relate the factors that affect the period and frequency of a pendulum and a spring. |
Ch. 11, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.22 Understand the nature of waves. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Determine the amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency from the graph of a wave. |
Ch. 11, Schaum's |
EOC |
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02 |
Relate wave velocity to frequency and wavelength. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Distinguish between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave and give an example of each. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Define a wave and its characteristic properties including transmission, superposition, interference, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and resonance. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.23 Understand the properties of standing waves for strings. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Describe how standing waves may be formed by superposition. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Sketch and identify standing wave modes for a string fixed at both ends and determine the amplitude, wavelength, and frequency of the waves. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Explain the relationship between the fundamental frequency, harmonics, and overtones. |
Ch. 20, text |
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Instructional Objective 1253.24 Understand sound waves. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Identify factors that determine the speed of sound. |
Ch. 19, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Apply the Doppler effect to solve sound wave problems. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Compare and contrast forced vibrations and resonance. |
Ch. 19, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Calculate the number of beats heard when two frequencies are played simultaneously. |
Ch. 19, text |
EOC |
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05 |
Relate the subjective concepts of pitch, loudness, and quality to the objective properties of frequency, intensity, and harmonic content. |
Ch. 20, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.25 Understand standing waves in pipes. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Sketch possible standing wave modes for an open pipe and a pipe closed at one end, and determine the wavelength and frequency for each mode. |
Ch. 23, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Static Electricity |
Semester 2, 3 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.26 Understand electric charge. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Explain the meaning of positive or negative charge in terms of electron movement and relate that to the conservation of charge. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Describe charging by induction, conduction, and friction and the use of an electroscope. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Distinguish between insulators and conductors and compare the static charge distribution on their surfaces. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Compute the ratios of charges on like sized charged spheres after two or more are put in contact with each other. |
Ch. 24, Schaum's |
EOC |
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05 |
Use the charge of an electron and proton to calculate the number of electrons or protons in a given amount of charge. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.27 Understand Coulomb's law. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Use Coulomb's law to solve single-point and two-point charge problems. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Draw force vectors for multiple charges and sketch the resultant force. |
Ch. 24, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.28 Understand the nature of the electric field. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
List the characteristics of electric field lines and draw the electric field lines around one and two point charges and between two parallel plates. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Define electric field strength and positive test charge and relate the electric field strength to electric force. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Graphically solve electric field strength problems for up to four point charges. |
Ch. 24, Schaum's |
EOC |
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04 |
Numerically find the electric field strength caused by two or three point charges. (linear) |
Ch. 24, Schaum's |
EOC |
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05 |
Describe the field inside and outside a conductor. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.29 Understand electrical potential energy and potential difference. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Define electric potential energy for point charges and relate it to gravitational potential energy. |
Ch. 21, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Define potential difference and compare it to potential energy. |
Ch. 25, Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Draw equipotential lines for single and double point charges and parallel plates. |
NA |
EOC |
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04 |
Calculate the potential difference and potential energy for point charges and parallel plates. |
Ch. 25, Schaum's |
EOC |
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05 |
Relate voltage, electric field, work, and distance. |
Ch. 25, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Electric Circuits |
Semester 2, 4 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.30 Understand current and simple circuits. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Define current and use the definition to calculate the charge flowing past a point in a fixed time. |
Ch. 22, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Distinguish among the symbols for EMF, resistors, capacitors, switches, light bulbs, voltmeters, ammeters; draw a simple circuit; and indicate the direction of the conventional current. |
Ch. 22, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.31 Understand resistance, Ohm's law, and electric power. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Define resistivity and resistance, and list the factors that affect each one. |
Ch. 26, Schaum's |
EOC |
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02 |
Use Ohm's law to solve simple circuit problems. |
Ch. 26,Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Compare ohmic and non-ohmic devices. |
Ch. 26, Schaum's |
EOC |
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04 |
Relate electric power to voltage, current, and resistance. |
Ch. 27, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.32 Understand how to analyze electric circuits. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Describe, draw, and build series, parallel, and combination circuits. |
Ch. 26, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Calculate equivalent resistance for parallel, series, and combination circuits. |
Ch. 28,Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Calculate the voltage drop across, current through, and power dissipated for individual components, branches, and entire circuits. |
Ch. 28, Schaum's |
EOC |
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04 |
Calculate the voltage for batteries arranged in series or parallel. |
Ch. 28, Schaum's |
EOC |
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05 |
Use a multimeter to measure current, voltage, and resistance. |
Ch. 28, Schaum's |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.33 Understand parallel plates capacitors and capacitance. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Relate capacitance to charge and voltage and to the area and plate separation of a parallel plate capacitor. |
Ch. 25, Schaum's |
EOC |
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02 |
Describe the change in the electric field, voltage, and charge as plate separation distance and surface area of a capacitor are varied. |
Ch. 25,Schaum's |
EOC |
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03 |
Calculate the energy stored in a capacitor. |
Ch. 25, Schaum's |
EOC |
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04 |
Qualitatively describe the charging and discharging of a capacitor in a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit. |
Ch. 34, text |
EOC |
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Magnetism |
Semester 2, 1.5 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.34 Understand the basic principles of magnetism. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Describe the nature of magnetism and list magnetic substances. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Describe magnetic domains and relate them to ferromagnetism. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Distinguish between the north and south magnetic pole and sketch field lines around common magnets. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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04 |
State the similarities and differences between magnetic and electric fields. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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05 |
Sketch the magnetic field lines around a current carrying wire. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.35 Understand the forces on charges moving in a magnetic field. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Recognize that a force on a moving charge and a current carrying wire placed in a magnetic field is at right angles to both its velocity and to the field. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Describe how velocity, field strength, and charge relate to the magnitude of the force. |
Ch. 23, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Distinguish between direct current and alternating current. |
Ch. 24, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Compare motors and generators and describe how they work. |
Ch. 23-24, text |
EOC |
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Light and Optics |
Semester 2, 4.5 weeks |
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Instructional Objective 1253.36 Understand the basic characteristics of electromagnetic waves. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Relate accelerating charges to electromagnetic waves. |
Ch. 25, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Recognize the speed of light of all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. |
Ch. 25, text |
EOC |
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03 |
List the various electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency. |
Ch. 25, text |
EOC |
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04 |
Relate the velocity of an electromagnetic wave to its frequency and wavelength. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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05 |
Relate the frequency of an electromagnetic wave to its energy. |
Ch. 18, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.37 Understand the properties of visible light. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
List the colors of the visible spectrum in order of increasing frequency. |
Ch. 26, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Explain transmission, emission, and absorption of light. |
Ch. 26, text |
EOC |
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03 |
List the primary additive and subtractive colors, and compare and contrast them. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
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Instructional Objective 1253.38 Understand dispersion, refraction, and reflection. |
Standard Reference |
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No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
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01 |
Draw the incident and reflected rays or calculate their angles using the law of reflection. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
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02 |
Distinguish between specular and diffuse reflection. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
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03 |
Relate the index of refraction to the velocity of light in a given material. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
04 |
Explain the dispersion of white light through a prism. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
Instructional Objective 1253.39 Understand the concepts of refraction of light. |
Standard Reference |
|||
|
No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
|
|
01 |
Use Snell's law to solve refraction problems. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
02 |
Recognize that the frequency of light remains unchanged as it passes through different media. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
03 |
Use the critical angle to solve total internal reflection problems. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
Instructional Objective 1253.40 Understand mirror reflection. |
Standard Reference |
|||
|
No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
|
|
01 |
Distinguish between real and virtual images. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
02 |
Find the image location for a plane mirror by geometric construction. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
03 |
Identify convex and concave mirrors; give examples and uses of each. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
04 |
Use ray diagrams to establish the size and location of an image in both convex and concave mirrors. |
Ch. 36, Schaum's |
EOC |
|
|
05 |
State the relationship between focal length and radius of curvature for a mirror. |
Ch. 36, Schaum's |
EOC |
|
|
06 |
Use the mirror equations to determine the location, size, and type of image produced by convex and concave mirrors. |
Ch. 36, Schaum's |
EOC |
|
|
Instructional Objective 1253.41 Understand the refraction process and thin lenses. |
Standard Reference |
|||
|
No. |
Performance Objective |
Resource Reference |
Assessment Correlation |
|
|
01 |
Distinguish between real and virtual images. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
02 |
Identify convex and concave lenses; give examples and uses of each. |
Ch. 27, text |
EOC |
|
|
03 |
Use ray diagrams to establish the size and location of an image in both convex and concave lenses. |
Ch. 39, Schaum's |
EOC |
|
|
04 |
Use the lens equations to determine the location, size, and type of image produced by convex and concave mirrors. |
Ch. 39, Sch | ||