Adolf Eichmann
His early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Career in Nazi Party
Rise to Power
Wartime Activities
Later life (escape from Germany, abduction, Eichmann Trial, and death)
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Adolf Hitler
His early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Political Influences
Failed Artist
Military service in World War I
Rise to Political Power
German Workers’ Party (National Socialist German Workers’ Party – Nazi Party)
Failed Revolt (March on Berlin)
Imprisonment
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Appointment as Chancellor of Germany
Purge of Nazi Party (Night of the Long Knives)
World War II and Holocaust
Invasion of Poland and other countries
Bombing of Britain
Final Solution (extermination Jews and other undesirables)
Survival of Suicide Attempt
Loss of the War – Suicide
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Dr. Josef Mengele
Early
life
Childhood and family
Personality
Loneliness
University studies
Career
Begins as a researcher
Joins Nazi Party physicians’ group
Concentration Camp Doctor (Auschwitz)
Work with Gas Chambers
Medical Experiments
What
On Whom
For What purpose
Losing War – leaves Auschwitz, flees the country
Rumor of his death
Mock Trial
Death finally verified
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Raoul Wallenberg
Early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Career
Jobs
Saving Jews
Vanishing
Imprisonment by Russians?
Final Fate?
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Anne Frank
Early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Life in the Secret Annex
Daily Routine
Relationship to others in the annex
Her Room (the wall of her movie stars)
Dreams for the future
Writing
Her Diary
Tales from the Secret Annex (essays and short stories)
Concentration Camp
Daily life
Death
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Miep Gies
Early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Career
Job (work for Otto Frank)
Saving the Franks and other Jews
Later years
Professional Writing
Lectures
Oskar Schindler
Early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Career
Work for the Nazis
Factory
Saving Jews
“Schindler’s List”
Later years
Escape from Germany
Return to Germany
Honored as “Righteous Among the Nations”
Death
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Elie Wiesel
Early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Life in Auschwitz
Jobs
Fate of family and friends
Later years
Life in France after the war
Career as Writer and Lecturer
Night
Nobel Peace Prize
Lecture Circuit
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Otto Frank
Early life
Childhood and family?
Personality?
Move from Germany to Amsterdam
Career
Factory Owner
Holocaust
Secret Annex
Concentration Camp
Later Years
Anne’s diary
Remarriage
Death
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
Viktor Frankl
Early life
Childhood and family
Personality
Career
University
Doctor
Holocaust
Auschwitz Concentration Camp (and other camps)
Conditions and Daily struggle
Jobs
Observation about “stages” prisoners went through
Death of family members
Later Years
Vienna Policlinic Hospital
Remarriange
Career in Psychotherapy (“LogoTherapy”)
Writer: Man’s Search for Meaning
Death
Post-Humous Award “Oskar Pfister Prize”
Quotes
What Others Said About Him
What He Said
1936 Olympics
Held Where and When
Why Hitler held them (what point was he trying to prove about “Aryan” superiority)
Key Competitive Events (What and Who won and lost)
Jesse Owens
Early Life (make really brief)
Events he competed in and medaled in
Hitler’s reaction to his wins
Hitler’s behavior and reaction during the Olympics
How he treated other countries and competitors
How he behaved when Germany won
How he behaved when Germany lost
Other countries reactions to Germany and Hitler during the games
Identification Badges
Nazi
Party’s Swastika
Origins and History
Symbolism for Nazis
Groups Targeted
Why Targeted
Badges of Groups
Jews – Star of David
Homosexuals
– Pink Triangle
Polish
(Purple Armbands)
Gypsies
(Roma or Romani)
Twins
Physically
“Handicapped”
Dwarves
Other physical
problems
Mentally
Handicapped (Black Triangle)
Alcoholics
(Black Triangle)
Vagrants
(Black Triangle)
Women: Lesbians, Prostitutes, Use of Birth Control
(Black Triangle)
Political
Prisoners
Communists (Red Triangle)
Anarchists (Red Triangle)
Social Democrats (Red Triangle)
Criminals
(Green Triangle)
Religious
Crimes
Catholics
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Blacks
Ways to Segregate and Contain
Ghettoes
Badges
Sterlization
Forbidding Interracial marriages
Concentration Camps
Ways to Kill
Gas Chambers
Death Marches
Pogroms
Medical Experiments
Dachau
Physical description
Life and Death of Prisoners (conditions, jobs, treatment by guards)
Condition of camp and prisoners during Allies “liberation” (end of war)
Notable people who were imprisoned in the camp
Townspeople’s denial of the camp’s cruelty
thought all prisoners were “criminals”
Camp was good for the town’s economy?
Allied Forces reaction to the camp when liberated
Townspeople forced to view bodies
SS Guards shot
Hitler Youth forced to parade through camp
Auschwitz
Physical description
Life and Death of Prisoners (conditions, jobs, treatment by guards)
Notable people who were imprisoned in the camp
Condition of camp and prisoners during Allies “liberation” (end of war)
Terezin
Physical description of ghetto
Purpose of ghetto
Life and Death of Prisoners (conditions, jobs, treatment by guards)
Sprucing up for Red Cross tour
Condition of camp and prisoners during Allies “liberation” (end of war)
Children of Terezin
Treatment
Artwork and Poems (symbols and themes)
“I Never Saw Another Butterfly”
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Detailed Description of What happened
Why Nazis did it
Aftermath
How this affected Jews and their businesses and property
Warsaw Ghetto and the Uprising
Physical description ghetto
Nazi purpose and plan for the camp
What groups were imprisoned there
Resistance and Uprising
Notable people involved
The plan
The outcome
Message the uprising sent to others
Holocaust Denial
Who denied the holocaust and why
Explanations given (revisionism)
Effect of the denial of others
Germany’s stance on “denial” today
Neo Nazis
Who are they?
What do they believe? Why?
What groups have formed in particular states
What crimes (speech and otherwise) have they committed
What is their effect on others
Hitler Youth
Who joined and why? (some voluntary, some forced)
What civilian activities did they engage in
What military actions did they engage in
What was their effect on others
Hitler’s Hench Men
Who were they? What kinds of people joined these groups?
Storm Troopers (SA)
Nazis
Gestapo
SS
What did they do for Hitler and the Nazi Party
Were there any notable individuals in these groups (who and brief description)
What was their effect on others
Were they prosecuted for war crimes after the war?
Children of the Holocaust
Hidden children (examples)
Who, how, and where hidden
Psychological effects on these survivors
Those killed (examples)
Jewish
Who, how, and where
Non Jewish
Who, how, and where
Diaries or Letters left behind?
Genocide and the Final Solution
What it was
Reason for “cleansing”
Methods of Extermination
Death Marches
Gas Vans
Concentration Camps (starvation and overwork
Gas Chambers
Medical Experiments
D-Day
How and When Did it occur
Description of the invasion
Important people involved
Effect on the Allies and Axis powers
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
How and When did it occur
Description of the attack
Important people involved
Effect on America
Germany’s Military Power
Sea Weapons
U-Boats (Submarines)
Bismarck
Land Weapons
Air Weapons
Blitzkrieg (military maneuver)
Art of the Holocaust
I. Purpose of Holocaust Art
A. Protest to
the Jewish persecution by Nazis
(recording the
Holocaust, “bearing witness”)
B. Emotional
expressions of: suffering, despair, defiance, and hope
C.
Types of Holocaust Art
1.
Status of artist:
inmate
Terezin
(Theresienstadt)
Underground
artists exposing the “real” ghetto from the “model camp”
Anne
Frank
Survivor
Viktor
Frankl
Elie
Wiesel
Liberator
Photographs
of the concentration camps
Eye witness accounts (descriptions and interviews)
Feliks
Topolski
Corrado
Cagli
Zinovii
Tolkatchev
Refugee
Resistance
Nonparticipant
Charnel
House (Pablo Picasso – painting)
Arthur
Szyk
memorial builder
George
Segal
“Official Art”
(propaganda)
2. Subjects
used
concentration
camps
cattle
cars
labor
gas
chambers
3. Media used
paintings
drawings
narrative
essays
poetry
photography
sculpture
music
D. Places
where the Holocaust Art occurred and/or was found
E. Famous examples and artists
F. Prevalent symbols from Holocaust Art
Chimney
Butterfly
Barbed wire
Crucified Jesus (wearing prayer
shawl)
Labyrinth
Aftermath of the War
Jewish survivors of the camps and ghettos when liberated:
Psychology
Guilt, Shame (Survivor’s Syndrome)
Mental Retardation, and Mental Illness
Grief and Anger
Apathy and hopelessness
Fear and Anxiety
Physical State
Illness
Weakness
Malnutrition
Continued death rate after liberation
(Bergen-Belsen 200 per day until health of victims stabilized 6 weeks later)
Search for surviving relatives
Formation of the state of Israel
Few cases of compensation for damages suffered in camps by West German gov’t
(most who had severe problems had been exterminated or died already)
Rebuilding of Germany
Nuremberg Trials and British Trials (War Crimes for Nazi)
Laws
War criminals prosecuted
Nazi Party
Origins of the Party
Hierarchy (or leadership structure)
Brownshirts
Hitler Youth
SS (Gestapo)
Stormtroopers
Reich Labor Service
Army
Political and Social Platform
Resistance Movement
Organized Armed Resistance in the Ghettos and camps
Treblinka Concentration Camp
Sobibor Concentration Camp
Aushwitz II Concentration Camp (Birkenau)
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Bialystok Ghetto Revolt (Mordechai Tenenbaum, leader)
Czestochowa Ghetto (Mordechai Silberberg, leader)
Partisans fighting units
Armee Juive (Jewish Army in France)
Underground resistance
Smuggling of goods into the ghettos
Zionist youth groups
Newspapers and Pamphlets
Spiritual Resistance
“Sanctification of Life” (Kiddush Ha-hayyim)
Schools, Theaters, Orchestras
Individual Non-compliance
Dr. Joseph Parnes
Moshe Jaffe
Ghettos
Definition of Ghettos
Brief History of First Ghetto -- Venice 1516
Last Ghetto before WW II -- 1870 Where they were
What they were (what was their purpose)
How were they set up
physical structure
“working” vs. Jews to be exterminated sections
Who was in them (and how many)
What happened there
Nutrition
GeneralGovernment ration cards – how many calories for different groups
Official rations
Blackmarket prices
Limited Food Resources
Soup Kitchens
Voluntary deportation to the camps in exchange for food
Heath Facilities
Housing
Liquidation
of Ghettoes with beginning of “Final Solution”
Concentration Camps
Locations
Types
Hard-Labor and Reeducation camps
Extermination Centers (Death Camps)
Who was sent to them (composition of prisoners)
How did they arrive
Routines
Physical Layout
Conditions
Closing of the camp
Death Marches
Gas Chambers
Crematoriums
Torture
Medical Experimentation
(Karl Brandt = chief of all medical services for the nation)
Mengele
Rescuers
Righteous Among the Nations
Martyrs’ and Heroes Remembrance Law (Yad Vashem)
Raoul Wallenberg
Aristides de Sousa Mendes
Sempo Sugihara
Paul Gruninger
Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz
Berthold Beitz
Irena Adamowicz
Elisabeth Abegg
Julius Madritsch
Raimund Titsch
Herman Langbein
Ludwig Worl
Village of Nieuwlande (Holland)
Village of Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon (France)
Norway
Rescue of Children
German Jewish Children’s Aid (New York 1934)
Senator Robert Wagner and Congresswoman Edith Rogers create bill
Symbols of the Holocaust
Swatiska,
Star of David,
symbols in art,
identification badges for
homosexuals, gypsies, etc.
Racial Science
Racial Hygiene
See Racism and Anthropology in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
Dr. Robert Ritter’s “Research Institute for Racial Hygiene”
Euthanasia Program (precursor to concentration camps)
T4 Program (Tiergartenstrasse 4 – the address of the program)
Perks for the staff of this program
(liquor, vacations, etc = small turnover)
Forced
Sterilization
Measurement of skull, nose and color of eyes and hair
recorded in classrooms to find “Aryan Race”
students
Medical Experimentation
Survival and Rescue
(freezing temps and water, oxygen deprivation, saltwater for liquids,
Medical Treatment (for battle injuries, gas attacks, diseases)
Racial Experiments
Liberation
What was the Liberation?
When and Where Did It Happen?
Dachau
Eyewitnesses Accounts
(conditions of the camps, the dead, the starving and sick survivors)
Prisoners
Allied Soldiers
Support Troops (medics, etc.)
Resistance Encountered with the Nazis
Townspeople’s shame and denial (forced through camp)
– Abe Cheslow’s account
Camps for Displaced Persons
What Germans did when the Allies won the war.
Documentation of the Holocaust
Margaret Bourke-White, Photographer
Edward Murrow, Journalist
Nazi Propaganda
What is Propaganda
Why did the Nazis use Propaganda
For the Jews
For the Germans
For the World
Hitler’s Principles for Propaganda
To be directed to “the masses” (instead of the intelligentsia)
Content is not important as format (like a poster instead of art)
To direct masses attention to certain”facts”
Emotion based with little attention to intellect
The masses are not very intelligent, but are very forgetful
Limit the number of facts to a few points/repeat them like slogan
Propaganda used to spread Nazi idealogy, way of life, attitudes about themselves and other “races”
Propaganda tools:
Anti-Semitism
Films
Model or “decent” concentration camps
Media: Radio, Press, Theater, Cinema (The Triumph of the Will), the Arts
(book Mein Kampf) (music: marches, Richard Wagner)
Demonstrations (Hitler Youth, etc.)
1936 Olympics
Racial Science (Myth of the Jewish Race)
Goebbels – Minister of Public Enlighten e t and Propaganda